Regiapædia - User contributions [en]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T11:11:09Z

KelvinMawer: /* The Warrior System */

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==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Military Training Officer), Benjamin Rees (Master at Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
A hit is defined as a clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause injury or to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain. A valid hit may be scored with the flat or edged metal part of the weapon. A strike with the shaft, socket, cross guard or pommel is not a hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==A Standard Battle==
The battlefield displays are varied according to the requirements of each show and
clarified at the muster prior to each display. However, there is a standard battle format
which is commonly utilised. There is a mix of display and competitive combat and
each combatant is encouraged to use every effort to make the display as exciting,
educational, and informative as possible for the public

First Clash – Display only.
:The two armies take the field. After a parlay and an exchange of missiles the two side will close for the display clash.

Second Clash – Display Only
:There may be a second display clash. This will be similar to the first clash,
and often may include show tactics such as a boar snout.

Third Clash – Probing Clash
: In this clash the armies will advance in a tight shieldwall, with only the commanders remaining behind the line. This is a chance to probe the opponents line and discover their strength and determination to fight. This is down without flanking or breakthroughs. The commanders will pull their lines apart after an agreed length of time, or if one side gains a distinct advantage. If you take all of your hits at this point, you will die. Lost hits will carry over the the final clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight
:This is the final battle. It will be fully competitive, with commanders able to deploy all of their combatants and any tactics they see fit. The hearth troop will fight with their commander.

===Champion Fights===
There may be a Champions Fight included in the script. Each commander will have
nominated a Champion to engage in single combat before the watching armies.
Champions should have attained Warrior rank and will agree the format for the
Champions Fight prior to the battle. This can either be a scripted and choreographed show fight, or a competitive free fight. However, it must prioritise an impressive display over the competitive result.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. With a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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Weapon Training Summary

2021-10-27T11:04:40Z

KelvinMawer: /* Mêlée Weapon Training Summary */

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==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2016TrainingSheet.pdf|Name=Weapon Training Summary}}
 

==Mêlée Weapon Training Summary==

{| class="wikitable"
!Weapon
!Training Regimen
!Starting Weapon
!Prerequisites
!Notes
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Seax || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || Yes || None || Allowed to simultaneously train in seax with another weapon
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|2h Spear || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || Yes || None ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|1h Spear || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || Yes || None ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Long 1h Spear|| 1h spear test pass -> BFS|| No || 1h spear test pass ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Winged Spear || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test OR 2h spear test pass -> BFS|| No || May be done as accelerated weapons test with 2h spear pass ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Hand Axe || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || No || Any spear test pass ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Sword || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test OR Langseax test -> BFS || No || Militia Rank ||Can be done as accelerated test with langseax pass
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Langseax || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test OR Sword test -> BFS || No || Militia Rank ||May do accelerated test with sword pass
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Dane Axe || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || No || Warrior Rank ||Dane axes are elite weapons, soft kit must be of suitable status
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Mace || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || No || Warrior Rank ||Maces are symbols of high status, suitable soft kit will be required
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Any other weapon || At MTO’s discretion || At MTO’s discretion || At MTO’s discretion ||The MaA might need to be consulted
|}

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Weapon Training Summary

2021-10-27T11:03:51Z

KelvinMawer: /* Mêlée Weapon Training Summary */

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==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2016TrainingSheet.pdf|Name=Weapon Training Summary}}
 

==Mêlée Weapon Training Summary==

{| class="wikitable"
!Weapon
!Training Regimen
!Starting Weapon
!Prerequisites
!Notes
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Seax || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || Yes || None || Allowed to simultaneously train in seax with another weapon
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|2h Spear || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || Yes || None ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|1h Spear || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || Yes || None ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Long 1h Spear|| 1h spear test pass -> BFS|| No || 1h spear test pass ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Winged Spear || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test OR 2h spear test pass -> BFS|| No || May be done as accelerated weapons test with 2h spear pass ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Hand Axe || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || No || Any spear test pass ||
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Sword || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test OR Langseax test -> BFS || Militia rank || Any spear test pass ||Can be done as accelerated test with langseax pass
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Langseax || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test OR Sword test -> BFS || Militia Rank || Any spear test pass ||May do accelerated test with sword pass
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Dane Axe || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || No || Warrior Rank ||Dane axes are elite weapons, soft kit must be of suitable status
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Mace || BFS -> 6 stamps -> test || No || Warrior Rank ||Maces are symbols of high status, suitable soft kit will be required
|- style="Text-Align:Center;"
|Any other weapon || At MTO’s discretion || At MTO’s discretion || At MTO’s discretion ||The MaA might need to be consulted
|}

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Living History

2021-10-27T10:54:42Z

KelvinMawer: /* What each member needs */

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The Living History Exhibit (LHE) forms half of most shows. It is a continuous display of life and crafts from the chosen dateline. It is where the military wargear is shown off. It is where questions can be asked by the public and fellow reenactors. More than that, the larger displays plunge the spectator into a pseudo-Mediaeval world, with the sights, smells, sounds and impression of a Dark Age encampment or village. These fantastical dioramas and melting pots of historical knowledge are the result of a hard-working team, who together with the LHE coordinator, will organise and manage the setup of all such displays.

==The Living History Team==
A list of the current members of the Living History Team can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#LHE|Name=View Living History Team}}
 

==Introduction to the Living History Exhibit & Site==
The Living History Exhibit exists to represent and demonstrate to the public snapshots of daily life, activities and crafts from Regia’s period of interest.

It is open to the public all day and any member of Regia in kit must consider him/herself to be on duty while within its boundaries.

From 30 minutes before opening time until close all aspects of the LHE must be authentic and accurate.

===Who Can Take Part?===
Any competent member of Regia who is willing to abide by the site regulations, meet the authenticity standards necessary for close public scrutiny, and who is willing to take an active part when on site.

===How it Works===
The LHE is organized in “Wics” (an Old English word meaning a dwelling place, a lodging, habitation, camp, castle or house).

A wic may be one or more groups organized to share cooking and other daily tasks in order to free members to demonstrate crafts/talk to the public.

Individuals wishing to join the LHE may be attached to established Wics, either by personal negotiation or through the LHE Co-ordinator.

===What a Wic Needs===
A named Wic leader for the event

Shelter; Cooking utensils; Axe; Firebox; Fire extinguisher(s); Storage containers for food; Water Containers; Table; Seating; First Aid Kit

===What each member needs===
Appropriate soft kit for dateline, correct kit for ethnic background portrayed, geographical area of the show etc. and the task they plan to undertake, regardless of their normal group status.

Eating and drinking utensils and Authentic containers

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Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:52:39Z

KelvinMawer: /* Socks */

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=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.
[[File:Woven_Cloth_Mittens_by_Louise_Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}
Shoes are of the simple, two-part turn shoe construction and are usually low, coming to below the ankle. These must be made of vegetable tanned leather. Applied soles and heels made from suitable leather may be used to prolong the life of the shoes.

Shoe leather must not be left as 'pink' veggie tan and must be stained brown. It would be unusual for shoes to be any colour other than brown but red dyed shoes are considered 'Allowable'. Shoes must be constructed from a single colour of leather.

Shoes from Regia's period were not closed by laces and front laced shoes are considered 'Unacceptable'. Some shoes were however closed by a single leather lace around topline of the upper (the opening that you put your foot in).

Most of the evidence from Regia’s period points to people mainly wearing shoes rather than boots. Boots are considered to by any footwear that are higher than then ankle. Boots are not considered to be Generic Kit as these are period and ethnically restricted.

[[File:L-E-AnaShoe-AD.jpg|thumb|left|200px|]]
[[File:L-G-AnaBoot-AD.jpg|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}
People from the period may have generally gone without socks. Woollen socks made using the Nålebinding technique can be worn and the easier to make crocheted socks are ‘allowable’. Tailored sewn cloth socks are also a good option.

Alternative methods of covering the foot include foot wraps or starting the leg binding from the foot rather than the ankle. Trousers with integral feet also achieve the same result.
[[File:Naalbound Sock by Louise Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]
[[File:Woven Cloth Sock by Louise Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:51:25Z

KelvinMawer: /* Socks */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.
[[File:Woven_Cloth_Mittens_by_Louise_Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}
Shoes are of the simple, two-part turn shoe construction and are usually low, coming to below the ankle. These must be made of vegetable tanned leather. Applied soles and heels made from suitable leather may be used to prolong the life of the shoes.

Shoe leather must not be left as 'pink' veggie tan and must be stained brown. It would be unusual for shoes to be any colour other than brown but red dyed shoes are considered 'Allowable'. Shoes must be constructed from a single colour of leather.

Shoes from Regia's period were not closed by laces and front laced shoes are considered 'Unacceptable'. Some shoes were however closed by a single leather lace around topline of the upper (the opening that you put your foot in).

Most of the evidence from Regia’s period points to people mainly wearing shoes rather than boots. Boots are considered to by any footwear that are higher than then ankle. Boots are not considered to be Generic Kit as these are period and ethnically restricted.

[[File:L-E-AnaShoe-AD.jpg|thumb|left|200px|]]
[[File:L-G-AnaBoot-AD.jpg|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}
People from the period may have generally gone without socks. Woollen socks made using the Nålebinding technique can be worn and the easier to make crocheted socks are ‘allowable’. Tailored sewn cloth socks are also a good option.

Alternative methods of covering the foot include foot wraps or starting the leg binding from the foot rather than the ankle. Trousers with integral feet also achieve the same result.

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:48:58Z

KelvinMawer: /* Shoes & boots */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.
[[File:Woven_Cloth_Mittens_by_Louise_Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}
Shoes are of the simple, two-part turn shoe construction and are usually low, coming to below the ankle. These must be made of vegetable tanned leather. Applied soles and heels made from suitable leather may be used to prolong the life of the shoes.

Shoe leather must not be left as 'pink' veggie tan and must be stained brown. It would be unusual for shoes to be any colour other than brown but red dyed shoes are considered 'Allowable'. Shoes must be constructed from a single colour of leather.

Shoes from Regia's period were not closed by laces and front laced shoes are considered 'Unacceptable'. Some shoes were however closed by a single leather lace around topline of the upper (the opening that you put your foot in).

Most of the evidence from Regia’s period points to people mainly wearing shoes rather than boots. Boots are considered to by any footwear that are higher than then ankle. Boots are not considered to be Generic Kit as these are period and ethnically restricted.

[[File:L-E-AnaShoe-AD.jpg|thumb|left|200px|]]
[[File:L-G-AnaBoot-AD.jpg|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:46:48Z

KelvinMawer: /* Shoes & boots */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.
[[File:Woven_Cloth_Mittens_by_Louise_Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}
Shoes are of the simple, two-part turn shoe construction and are usually low, coming to below the ankle. These must be made of vegetable tanned leather. Applied soles and heels made from suitable leather may be used to prolong the life of the shoes.

Shoe leather must not be left as 'pink' veggie tan and must be stained brown. It would be unusual for shoes to be any colour other than brown but red dyed shoes are considered 'Allowable'. Shoes must be constructed from a single colour of leather.

Shoes from Regia's period were not closed by laces and front laced shoes are considered 'Unacceptable'. Some shoes were however closed by a single leather lace around topline of the upper (the opening that you put your foot in).

Most of the evidence from Regia’s period points to people mainly wearing shoes rather than boots. Boots are considered to by any footwear that are higher than then ankle. Boots are not considered to be Generic Kit as these are period and ethnically restricted.

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:45:27Z

KelvinMawer: /* Mittens & gloves */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.
[[File:Woven_Cloth_Mittens_by_Louise_Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:45:08Z

KelvinMawer: /* Mittens & gloves */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.
[[File:File:Woven_Cloth_Mittens_by_Louise_Archer.JPG|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:44:17Z

KelvinMawer: /* Mittens & gloves */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|]]

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:43:12Z

KelvinMawer: /* Mittens & gloves */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}
Although we have little evidence for gloves, people did have woollen mittens. These can be made either by nålebinding or from woven cloth.

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

Generic - Men

2021-10-27T10:37:49Z

KelvinMawer: /* Waist ties and Belts */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Kit Guides 
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|Tabs = Tabs Kit Guides
}}

=== ===
[[File:Generic Man AT.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A man in [[Generic|Generic Kit]]]]
==Generic Men's Fashion==
Men’s generic clothing consists of a tunic and waist tie. Other optional items include trousers (or hose and braies), shoes, a cloak, an under shirt, leg bindings and a leather buckled belt. Either a tunic or shirt must be worn at all times during a display.

==Tunic==
This should generally be T-shaped, with sleeves that taper to the wrist and a body that flares out from the hips. Tunics can be made from wool (Encouraged) or linen (Optional). It should be reasonably close-fitting around the neck, and if a “keyhole” neckline is chosen, the slit should be made only large enough to allow the head to pass through; it may be closed with ties. It is recommended that the neck be edged with a bias style strip or reinforced with stitching.

The sleeves must reach at least to the wrist, and should be long enough to cover the hand, provided that they are normally worn pushed back to the wrist. Tunics should be worn rucked up over a belt or tie. When worn like this the tunic must come to at least just above the knee, although it may be worn higher under certain circumstances. Tunics substantially longer than knee length must normally be pulled through a belt to raise the hem to knee level. Triangular pieces (called “gores”) are inserted into the skirt of the garment, to increase the amount of flare. These can be inserted at the side seams, and at the front and back.

Facings (sometimes called “Trims”) should be avoided for generic kit.

{{AO Special Mention|No rolled up sleeves}}

==Under Shirt==
Under Shirts are usually made from natural or bleached linen. The under shirt should be hidden, and not be seen at the cuffs or hem. In general it should follow the pattern of the tunic although they can be side split or front split (after AD 1041).

The under shirt may only be worn on its own only if physical work is being performed.

{{AO Special Mention|More plain linen shirts and shifts}}

==Waist ties and Belts==
Belts and waist ties should generally be no more than 25mm (1”) wide. The ends of belts or ties may have strap ends of authentic pattern attached. Ties may be made of cloth, braided textile or alternatively from leather by using the “split end” form.

Belt buckles may be either D shape or square shape to an authentic pattern and can be made from iron, copper-alloy or bone. Belts may have leather or metal hoops or slides on them made to authentic design to retain the end around the waist. The end of the belt should not be overlong, or tied up in a knot that hangs down.

{{AO Special Mention|No long belts}}

==Trousers or hose and braies==
Trousers can be made from wool (‘[[Encouraged]]’) or linen (‘[[Optional]]’). Trousers should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They must be close to the lower leg with no folds or bagginess. Loose trousers classed as ‘[[Unacceptable]]’ can be changed to ‘[[Encouraged]]’ by the use of leg bindings.

Hose are stocking like garments reaching up to at least mid-thigh, usually worn with a set of (typically) wide baggy linen shorts (called “braies”) to cover the crotch. The ends of these braies should be tucked into the tops of the hose. Hose should come down to at least ankle length, and can have integral feet. They should be tight to the lower leg – making them from wool and cutting the cloth “on the cross” is recommended to achieve a leg hugging shape.

{{AO Special Mention|Fewer loose tunic cuffs and loose trouser legs}}
{{Pin|
{{Pin-Tile
|Image = Legs_GA.jpg
|Width-Img = 400px
|Title = Leg styles
|Caption = [[Encouraged]] tight lower legs, [[Encouraged]] [[Leg bindings]] and unacceptably loose leg.
}}
}}

==Leg bindings==
These are long woollen strips of cloth usually worn spirally around the lower leg from ankle to just under the knee, thus ensuring a close fit. 3m (10’) or more is required per leg. For Generic kit leg bindings should not be ‘[[Leg bindings#Cross-gartered|cross-gartered]]’.

==Cloaks==
These are rectangular garments made of wool. They may be made from one or two layers of material but all layers need to be made from the same cloth and colour. Trims may be applied on the edges. Cloaks should be held closed with a suitable pin, brooch or simple tie. For a right-handed individual, the closure should normally sit on the right shoulder.

As a general guide, cloaks should be as wide as your outstretched arms, and long enough to go from your shoulder to the knee, although shorter cloaks that reached just past the waist were also frequently seen. Most cloaks are just longer than the tunic when worn.

==Pouches & bags==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Pouches & bags}}

==Mittens & gloves==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Mittens & gloves}}

==Shoes & boots==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Shoes & boots}}

==Socks==
{{#lsth:Generic - Women|Socks}}

==Hats and hoods==
As there is little evidence for the shape of these garments in Regia’s period, they should not normally be worn as part of generic kit. However, certain simple types of head covering may be worn, especially in inclement weather or as protection from the sun or to disguise an inappropriate hairstyle. Hood patterns may be styled on those found in a later medieval context, but without any form of trailing tail (a liripipe).

Although the cloak may be arranged in such a way as to act as a hood, cloaks must not have attached hoods for generic kit.

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Generic 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Generic]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:33:55Z

KelvinMawer: /* Scoring a Hit */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
A hit is defined as a clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause injury or to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain. A valid hit may be scored with the flat or edged metal part of the weapon. A strike with the shaft, socket, cross guard or pommel is not a hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==A Standard Battle==
The battlefield displays are varied according to the requirements of each show and
clarified at the muster prior to each display. However, there is a standard battle format
which is commonly utilised. There is a mix of display and competitive combat and
each combatant is encouraged to use every effort to make the display as exciting,
educational, and informative as possible for the public

First Clash – Display only.
:The two armies take the field. After a parlay and an exchange of missiles the two side will close for the display clash.

Second Clash – Display Only
:There may be a second display clash. This will be similar to the first clash,
and often may include show tactics such as a boar snout.

Third Clash – Probing Clash
: In this clash the armies will advance in a tight shieldwall, with only the commanders remaining behind the line. This is a chance to probe the opponents line and discover their strength and determination to fight. This is down without flanking or breakthroughs. The commanders will pull their lines apart after an agreed length of time, or if one side gains a distinct advantage. If you take all of your hits at this point, you will die. Lost hits will carry over the the final clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight
:This is the final battle. It will be fully competitive, with commanders able to deploy all of their combatants and any tactics they see fit. The hearth troop will fight with their commander.

===Champion Fights===
There may be a Champions Fight included in the script. Each commander will have
nominated a Champion to engage in single combat before the watching armies.
Champions should have attained Warrior rank and will agree the format for the
Champions Fight prior to the battle. This can either be a scripted and choreographed show fight, or a competitive free fight. However, it must prioritise an impressive display over the competitive result.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. With a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:30:15Z

KelvinMawer: /* The Code of Conduct */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==A Standard Battle==
The battlefield displays are varied according to the requirements of each show and
clarified at the muster prior to each display. However, there is a standard battle format
which is commonly utilised. There is a mix of display and competitive combat and
each combatant is encouraged to use every effort to make the display as exciting,
educational, and informative as possible for the public

First Clash – Display only.
:The two armies take the field. After a parlay and an exchange of missiles the two side will close for the display clash.

Second Clash – Display Only
:There may be a second display clash. This will be similar to the first clash,
and often may include show tactics such as a boar snout.

Third Clash – Probing Clash
: In this clash the armies will advance in a tight shieldwall, with only the commanders remaining behind the line. This is a chance to probe the opponents line and discover their strength and determination to fight. This is down without flanking or breakthroughs. The commanders will pull their lines apart after an agreed length of time, or if one side gains a distinct advantage. If you take all of your hits at this point, you will die. Lost hits will carry over the the final clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight
:This is the final battle. It will be fully competitive, with commanders able to deploy all of their combatants and any tactics they see fit. The hearth troop will fight with their commander.

===Champion Fights===
There may be a Champions Fight included in the script. Each commander will have
nominated a Champion to engage in single combat before the watching armies.
Champions should have attained Warrior rank and will agree the format for the
Champions Fight prior to the battle. This can either be a scripted and choreographed show fight, or a competitive free fight. However, it must prioritise an impressive display over the competitive result.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. With a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:28:59Z

KelvinMawer: /* A Standard Battle */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==A Standard Battle==
The battlefield displays are varied according to the requirements of each show and
clarified at the muster prior to each display. However, there is a standard battle format
which is commonly utilised. There is a mix of display and competitive combat and
each combatant is encouraged to use every effort to make the display as exciting,
educational, and informative as possible for the public

First Clash – Display only.
:The two armies take the field. After a parlay and an exchange of missiles the two side will close for the display clash.

Second Clash – Display Only
:There may be a second display clash. This will be similar to the first clash,
and often may include show tactics such as a boar snout.

Third Clash – Probing Clash
: In this clash the armies will advance in a tight shieldwall, with only the commanders remaining behind the line. This is a chance to probe the opponents line and discover their strength and determination to fight. This is down without flanking or breakthroughs. The commanders will pull their lines apart after an agreed length of time, or if one side gains a distinct advantage. If you take all of your hits at this point, you will die. Lost hits will carry over the the final clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight
:This is the final battle. It will be fully competitive, with commanders able to deploy all of their combatants and any tactics they see fit. The hearth troop will fight with their commander.

===Champion Fights===
There may be a Champions Fight included in the script. Each commander will have
nominated a Champion to engage in single combat before the watching armies.
Champions should have attained Warrior rank and will agree the format for the
Champions Fight prior to the battle. This can either be a scripted and choreographed show fight, or a competitive free fight. However, it must prioritise an impressive display over the competitive result.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:28:00Z

KelvinMawer: /* A Standard Battle */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==A Standard Battle==
The battlefield displays are varied according to the requirements of each show and
clarified at the muster prior to each display. However, there is a standard battle format
which is commonly utilised. There is a mix of display and competitive combat and
each combatant is encouraged to use every effort to make the display as exciting,
educational, and informative as possible for the public

First Clash – Display only.
:The two armies take the field. After a parlay and an exchange of missiles the two side will close for the display clash.

Second Clash – Display Only
:There may be a second display clash. This will be similar to the first clash,
and often may include show tactics such as a boar snout.

Third Clash – Probing Clash
: In this clash the armies will advance in a tight shieldwall, with only the commanders remaining behind the line. This is a chance to probe the opponents line and discover their strength and determination to fight. This is down without flanking or breakthroughs. The commanders will pull their lines apart after an agreed length of time, or if one side gains a distinct advantage. If you take all of your hits at this point, you will die. Lost hits will carry over the the final clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight
:This is the final battle. It will be fully competitive, with commanders able to deploy all of their combatants and any tactics they see fit. The hearth troop will fight with their commander.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:27:30Z

KelvinMawer: /* A Standard Battle */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==A Standard Battle==
The battlefield displays are varied according to the requirements of each show and
clarified at the muster prior to each display. However, there is a standard battle format
which is commonly utilised. There is a mix of display and competitive combat and
each combatant is encouraged to use every effort to make the display as exciting,
educational, and informative as possible for the public

First Clash – Display only.
:The two armies take the field. After a parlay and an exchange of missiles the two side will close for the display clash.

Second Clash – Display Only
:There may be a second display clash. This will be similar to the first clash,
and often may include show tactics such as a boar snout.

Third Clash – Probing Clash
: In this clash the armies will advance in a tight shieldwall, with only the commanders remaining behind the line. This is a chance to probe the opponents line and discover their strength and determination to fight. This is down without flanking or breakthroughs. The commanders will pull their lines apart after an agreed length of time, or if one side gains a distinct advantage. If you take all of your hits at this point, you will die. Lost hits will carry over the the final clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight
:This is the final battle. It will be fully competitive, with commanders able to
deploy all of their combatants and any tactics they see fit. The hearth
troop will fight with their commander.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:15:04Z

KelvinMawer: /* The Battle – A New Game */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==A Standard Battle==
The battlefield displays are varied according to the requirements of each show and
clarified at the muster prior to each display. However, there is a standard battle format
which is commonly utilised. There is a mix of display and competitive combat and
each combatant is encouraged to use every effort to make the display as exciting,
educational, and informative as possible for the public

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:14:01Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 4 – Warlord */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

'''How a Warlord is Chosen'''
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
:All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
:The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
:A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T10:13:28Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 4 – Warlord */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''
:
The rank of Warlord may be assigned by the Military Training Officer to any
combatant whose military prowess, equipment, and conduct stand as an example to
the Society.

The rank of Warlord is an honorary rank awarded to those who exemplify what we do on the battlefield. It is given to those who routinely go above and beyond the already high standards of Regia.

A Warlord receives no combat advantage for his rank, neither is he automatically assured of command. They may be recognised by a white silk scarf. Once awarded the rank remains as long as the member is of good standing within the society, unless rescinded.

"""How a Warlord is Chosen"""
:
Any member may nominate a combatant for the rank of Warlord by speaking to the Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, or Master at Arms. A discussion will then take place among the groups listed below.
The rank of Warlord may be assigned to any combatant member of the society with the agreement of: The current Military Training Officer, Authenticity Officer, Master at Arms, and any existing holders of the rank of Warlord.

'''Personal Specifications'''
All kit will be of exemplary standard, with zero tolerance for badly maintained equipment. It will be almost exclusively from the "recommended" section of the authenticity guidelines. This does not mean that all kit must be high status, just that it must be to a high level of authenticity.
The conduct of the Warlord must be above reproach. They play to the spirit rather than the letter of the rules. They are graceful in victory and defeat. They are welcoming to new members, and willing to help on the battlefield. They are humble and modest.
A Warlord will excel at some aspect of the battlefield. This is usually combative, show fighting or commanding, but may be something completely different.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:59:28Z

KelvinMawer: /* Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:59:03Z

KelvinMawer: /* Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
:''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
:Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:58:42Z

KelvinMawer: /* Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

'''Role on the Battlefield'''
''He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.''
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
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|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:58:08Z

KelvinMawer: /* Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

"""Role on the Battlefield"""
""He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.""
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:57:47Z

KelvinMawer: /* Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
:''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he
dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band
most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''
:
The Hearth Troop represents the personal retinue of their Lord, and is the closest thing to the modern perception of professional warriors. They will be some of the best equipped warriors on the field, and the most cohesive fighting unit. They are believed to have eaten with their lord, slept in his hall, and shared in his fortune. The ties that bind lord and hearth troop should not be underestimated.

Where appropriate battles may include a Hearth Troop for the Commander. Members assigned to a Hearth Troop should do their best to behave in a the way such a troop would have behaved, rather than seeking greatest competitive advantage.

Rules of the Hearth Troop:
The commander may appoint a hearth troop of those properly attired who have attained the rank of warrior.
The Hearth Troop will fight as a unit with their commander and shall not leave his side.
If the commander falls, the Hearth Troop shall remember their vows. They will advance or die over the body of their fallen lord.

"""Role on the Battlefield"""
""He held a firm resolve while with his hands he could yet hold his shield and broad sword he fulfilled his vow when he had to fight beside his lord.""
:
Not mere bodyguards, in a warrior culture the commander was expected to share in the dangers of battle. And the Hearth Troop were sworn to fight alongside him. They do not separate but remain alongside, fighting as a unit, where the fighting is naturally at its thickest and most furious.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:45:52Z

KelvinMawer: /* Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''
''“Then Byrhtnoth began to array men there … when he had fairly arrayed his troops, he
dismounted among them where it most pleased him, where he knew his hearth-band
most loyal.” Battle of Maldon 20-25''

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:44:18Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

===Note 1===
You have 3 hits while wearing maille and a helmet. If you are not then you have 2 hits and act as Militia.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

'''Hearth Troop'''

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:40:57Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You will step up to the leadership roles of the battlefield. You will find yourself as a commander, a member of a hearth troop, or the champion fighter of your army.

To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:You must own your own helmet, maille, spear, shield and short arm.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. No item of kit classed as unacceptable during its phasing out period

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:33:46Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
A warrior represents the highest social class on the battlefield. You would have held at least the rank of Thegn (Anglo-Saxons and Vikings) or Miles (Norman) and, as such, you would have been a noble whose position in society was linked to your responsibility to serve your lord or King in war. You would have been well equipped, trained, and motivated for warfare, forming the true backbone of any army and acting as a leader of men.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:32:38Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits */

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|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
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==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
You are an experienced and trained combatant. Your role on the field becomes more vocal, and you may take a hand in commanding sections of the line. You will bear weapons other than the spear and shield.

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:30:54Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits */

{{Top
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|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
:
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:30:28Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia represent higher ranking freemen and the lower ranks of nobility. This rank encompasses the varied social roles found within that broad strata of society. You are a man of means, well equipped, and have had training in combat. While you might own land you are primarily a warrior. You would be a warrior who farmed when not serving in war, rather than a farmer who fought.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''

Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a seax pass.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:A tunic, belted and rucked to the knee. Trousers or hose that are tight to the leg or with leg wraps. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character. You must own your own kit.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:17:19Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:17:05Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''
Much of the battlefield will be made up of Freemen. Not for you the weight of command and decision, you take your place in the shieldwall and do you best to keep yourself and your friends alive. And of course to kill the enemy!

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:15:06Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

'''Your Role on the Battlefield'''

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:13:39Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a Freeman – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Freeman.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:11:54Z

KelvinMawer: /* Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Freeman – 2 Hits ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army!

The right to bear arms during the Viking age was limited to the higher ranks of society. So while you might be the lowest rank on the Regia battlefield, you are still a man of means. You are a free man, drawn from framers and independent land holders. You will have had some level of training, and are equipped for war.

Progression to the next level will be after the Freeman has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session, and will have read and understood the Battlefield Combat Regulations.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. These may be owned or borrowed.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:01:44Z

KelvinMawer: /* The Ranking System */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:01:22Z

KelvinMawer: /* Downloadable Documents */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T09:00:54Z

KelvinMawer: /* Downloadable Documents */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path= https://regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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|SubCategory= Military 
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[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T08:59:21Z

KelvinMawer: /* Downloadable Documents */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=https://regia.org/members/docs/2020-Battlefield-Combat-Regulations-Warrior-System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T08:58:14Z

KelvinMawer: /* The Ranking System */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2005%20Warrior%20System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Freeman</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background portrayed. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Freeman, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Freeman’. They will be able to take two hits.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

{{Bottom
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
|FacebookGroup= Regia War Council 
|FacebookPath = groups/480158582080136/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}
[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T08:55:08Z

KelvinMawer: /* The Hits System */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Military 
|SubCategory= Military 
|PageStyle = Article 
}}

==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2005%20Warrior%20System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Hits are assigned to combatants based on their rank within the Regia Warrior system. The total hits being either 2 or 3. Two hits are assigned to Rank 1 (Freeman) and Rank 2 (Militia). While a combatant that has been signed off for Rank 3 (Warrior) and is wearing maille and a helmet will be entitled to 3 hits.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised. Having stated the above.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Where a hit is delivered so as to have the appearance of significant lethal intent you are strongly encouraged to take this as all of your hits. Examples include a sword slash right across the torso, or a spear thrust inside the opponents guard pushed home with simulated lethal character. However this remains at the discretion of the recipient of these hits.

However where the strike is to the torso from a daneaxe, and simulates lethal character, this will count as all of your hits and is mandatory. This reflects the particularly devastating effect of the daneaxe as a weapon.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Levy</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Levy, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Levy’. They will be able to take only one hit. However, because of the new format, there are two competitive clashes, and so the new member gets more actual combat than was previously the case.

As the combatant progresses through the ranks of Militia and Warrior, they will receive an extra hit at each rank.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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[[Category:Regiapædia]] [[Category:Military]]

The Warrior System

2021-10-27T08:39:32Z

KelvinMawer: /* Introduction */

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==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2005%20Warrior%20System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed in early 2020. The new system continues to draw together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The system continues to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Central to the new format is a change to a multiple hits system. This means
that the old ‘armour rules’ system, where warriors could ignore strikes to their
arms and legs according to their armour, has been discontinued.
Now, all combatants play by the same rules, regardless of the armour they are
wearing.
However, combatants will be graded at various ranks, and will receive a number
of hits (initially 1-3) based upon their battlefield rank (See the ranking system).
The wearing of armour now forms part of the new ranking structure. However,
other considerations, such as training and quality of general kit, join with the
armour to determine the number of hits that a combatant can take.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised.Having stated the above, If combatants are insistent
about counting and enquiring after every hit, then it is likely that they will find the
new format somewhat frustrating. The new format will require some changes
to fighting styles and tactics, and most importantly – attitudes. Such a change
will require time and some patience on the part of all combatants, but the end
result will be very worthwhile.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Levy</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Levy, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Levy’. They will be able to take only one hit. However, because of the new format, there are two competitive clashes, and so the new member gets more actual combat than was previously the case.

As the combatant progresses through the ranks of Militia and Warrior, they will receive an extra hit at each rank.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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The Warrior System

2021-10-27T08:37:29Z

KelvinMawer: /* The Warrior System */

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==The Warlords==
A list of the current Warlords can be found on the [https://regia.org/members/whoswho.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/whoswho.php#Warlords|Name=The Warlords}}
 

==Downloadable Documents==
The following pdf documents are available on the [https://regia.org/members/documents.php Regia.org] website.
{{Link|Icon=Icon_Regia.png|Path=regia.org/members/docs/2005%20Warrior%20System.pdf|Name=The Warrior System}}
 

==The Warrior System==
'''Version 2.0''' - ''Issued 2020 by Tom Robinson (Master-at-Arms), Dave Anderson (Authenticity Officer) & edited from 2005 version by Kelvin Mawer

==Introduction==
Welcome to the New Battlefield Format for Regia Anglorum. This document has been constructed over a number of years using the ideas and influence
of dozens of Regia Members, being finally completed over the winter of 2004 amid an unprecedented level of consultation with the membership. For the
first time we are drawing together the diverse areas that affect the Regia Battlefield, looking at an individual combatant’s training, quality of kit, conduct, attendance, and the activities they undertake in the combat arena and outside of it, and for the most part, rewarding their efforts with a competitive edge. 
The new format seeks to value every combatant on the field, and recognises different types of contribution. It promises more competitive fighting as armies; as well as including a variety of areas to interest the individual combatant. These could include show-fighting, choreographed combat, and competitive single combat, all contained within the standard combat display. The Warrior System requires increased levels of sportsmanship, and increased input into the combat display as a combatant ascends through the rank structure. The new format recognises that there is a place for a variety of combat styles in Regia. It seeks to provide a structure within which every combatant can maximise their enjoyment, while doing more
to authentically recreate our period, and by doing so entertaining and educating our audience.

==The Hits System==
Central to the new format is a change to a multiple hits system. This means
that the old ‘armour rules’ system, where warriors could ignore strikes to their
arms and legs according to their armour, has been discontinued.
Now, all combatants play by the same rules, regardless of the armour they are
wearing.
However, combatants will be graded at various ranks, and will receive a number
of hits (initially 1-3) based upon their battlefield rank (See the ranking system).
The wearing of armour now forms part of the new ranking structure. However,
other considerations, such as training and quality of general kit, join with the
armour to determine the number of hits that a combatant can take.

===Scoring a Hit===
There is also a change to the way in which we fight. Previously, combat was
conducted under the ‘metal kills’ rule – whereby any touch of the metal part of
a weapon caused instant death. In extremis, this meant that even the lightest,
accidental tap with a weapon would have to be regarded as a hit. This has now
been changed so that the onus is on the attacker to score a ‘convincing’ hit.

It is the responsibility of the person
making the strike to communicate
that they have done so, either
by the nature of the strike or by
other means. It is not acceptable
to simply tell your opponent that
you have hit them – if you have to
do so, the hit was most probably
not worth taking. A well-delivered
strike is very rarely ignored and
almost never requires discussion
or explanation.
When a hit is struck, the person
receiving the hit should make
every effort to acknowledge the
hit by a grunt or shout of feigned
pain, or otherwise.

{{Special Mention Box|Title=A ‘Hit’ is defined as:
|Caption=A clear strike of measured weight, delivered to any legal target area. The weight of the hit should be heavy enough to be felt, taking into account the recipient’s clothing and any armour, though it should never be so hard as to cause a person of reasonable firmness undue pain or injury.}}

So far as is reasonably possible, a strike must be delivered in such a way as
to suggest that, if delivered in reality, an injury or wound would have resulted.
Warning – this does not mean that a hit must ever be ‘hard’.
Once a combatant has taken all of their hits – they are ‘dead’ – this means
that they can take no further part in the competitive combat, although different
ranks may react to losing all of their hits in a variety of ways (see the Ranking
System).
No document can seek to explain the above fully, that is the task of the training
officers. If you are unsure about any aspect of the above – consult the MTO,
or one of his deputies, who will be happy to explain and demonstrate.

===Sportsmanship===
We are aware that a system such as the above is difficult to police. This system
expects that combatants behave as mature individuals, and give one another
the benefit of the doubt. However, if you genuinely feel that a combatant is
consistently abusing the system, then you, or your group leader, should inform
a training officer as soon as possible. That combatant’s behaviour can then be
observed and scrutinised.Having stated the above, If combatants are insistent
about counting and enquiring after every hit, then it is likely that they will find the
new format somewhat frustrating. The new format will require some changes
to fighting styles and tactics, and most importantly – attitudes. Such a change
will require time and some patience on the part of all combatants, but the end
result will be very worthwhile.

{{Special Mention Box|Caption= Fight with honour and sportsmanship. 
Where there is any doubt, be generous.}}

===When do I take a hit?===
''(Examples of good, and bad strikes)''

The above implies that if a hit is dubious or invalid the recipient may simply ignore it, without explanation, and continue fighting. This is entirely true. When you score a strike, you should not pause and wait for the hit to take effect - rather you should continue to fight, even if this means that your enemy receives more hits than they can actual ‘take’. This is a far more authentic attitude to combat.

Here are some examples to help.

:'''A Bad Hit''' 
:A spearman hits you a couple of times in the knee (an illegal and unsafe shot) and then proceeds to slide the weapon upwards until he eventually finds your upper leg. Do not take this hit. 
:'''A Good Hit''' 
:A strike lands on your upper arm. It is well within the target area. You feel it - it even stings for a second but is unlikely to result in a bruise. Your response to it is natural and immediate, of course you are going to take it. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (1)''' 
:A spear grazes past you, possibly the blade came into contact with you—or was it the shaft? You are wearing mail and you barely notice it. If you hadn’t seen it, you would not have been aware of it at all. In reality, it would not have caused an injury - it would have been a miss. You should not take this shot—more importantly, your attacker should not expect you to. 
:'''A Marginal Hit (2)''' 
:A sword strikes you on the arm. It is very near the elbow. Difficult to tell in the heat of battle whether it was upper arm or not, you’re having to think a bit too hard about it. 
This last one is tricky isn’t it? It’s your call. If you have more than one hit, then maybe the sporting thing to do would be to take it. If you are a Levy with only one hit, do yourself a favour and ignore it—he can probably do better. 
It should be obvious from the above that what we are requiring is a greater level of sportsmanship and some give and take. This should increase as the combatant moves through the ranking system. The combatant with three hits can afford to behave with more largesse and honour than the new combatant with only one hit.

==The Ranking System==
All combatants, existing or new, will be allocated field ranks. Once they have been given these ranks by the appropriate officers, or their deputies, then and only then may they allocate to themselves a number of hits. There are four battlefield ranks, the names of which are mostly intended for administrative purposes.

These ranks have no bearing on any ranking system that may be employed at a local group level. However, it is hoped that in awarding local ranks, group leaders will take into account the progress and field rank of combatant members.

There are four battlefield ranks:
* <big>Levy</big>
* <big>Militia</big>
* <big>Warrior</big>
* <big>Warlord</big>

These general terms apply throughout Regia, regardless of ethnic background. As time goes on, more work will be done on supplying members of different backgrounds with more appropriate ‘ethnically specific’ titles and ranks, as well as information to assist the combatant in portraying that rank.

Central to this concept is the idea that combatants should be portraying more specific characters and their clothing and behaviour should be appropriate to that persona. For example, those dressed for the Levy, or to an extent, the Militia, should not be barking orders, while those dressed as Warlords should be taking a greater role in the command of the armies.

All new members will begin at the first rank, that of ‘Levy’. They will be able to take only one hit. However, because of the new format, there are two competitive clashes, and so the new member gets more actual combat than was previously the case.

As the combatant progresses through the ranks of Militia and Warrior, they will receive an extra hit at each rank.

Promotion through the ranks is based upon a variety of criteria, with each successive promotion becoming more and more difficult to obtain.

==The Requirements of Rank==
===Level 1 – Levy – 1 Hit ===
You are a new member, with little or no kit of your own, who is training in spear and shield. You are a member of the Levy – welcome to the army! The Levy is composed of peasants. Drafted more out of desperation for numbers than for any military advantage. Depending upon their ethnic background, they have been largely pressed into service and in the main, would rather be doing anything other than ﬁghting on the battleﬁeld. A member of the Levy can take only one hit. When hit once, they die outright, cover up and do not move. Progression to the next level will be after the Levy has been signed off as having achieved the basic requirements for the ﬁeld by an MaA Deputy; an Authenticity Deputy, and a Training Deputy. National Ofﬁcers will be equally willing to sign off members of the Levy also.

:'''Training (MTO)'''
::In order to take part in the battle display, new members must have taken a battleﬁeld safe test at a training session.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
::They will have borrowed or otherwise acquired a spear and shield that meet the minimum MaA requirements.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:: They will have be wearing a tunic, belted and rucked to knee level. Colours from the poor/middle class end of the spectrum (see the Regia colour chart.)

Note: Some members have expressed the concern that this means that new members are being penalised on ﬁrst joining by only being given one hit. We prefer to regard it that a new member is being encouraged to pass their spear test quickly, acquire their basic equipment and achieve the minimum standard to take part in combat on the Regia battleﬁeld. As soon as this standard is achieved; the combatant will progress in to Militia and have two hits.

===Level 2 – Militia – 2 Hits===
The Militia are paid professionals. For them, soldiering is more of an occupation than a calling. They guard walls quite well and are happy enough when the advantage is on their side, but don’t expect too many heroics – they really aren’t paid enough for that. When hit twice, they may crawl around; retire wounded or run off. Before you can begin your career in the Militia, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass in spear and shield, with or without a backhand scramseax.
:'''Wargear (MaA)'''
:Your own spear and shield, manufactured to at least the minimum acceptable standard.
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)'''
:Trousers or Hose – tight to the leg or with leg bindings. Colours should be from the poor or ‘middle-class’ end of the colour chart. Shoes. At least one authentic name/character.

===Level 3 – Warrior – 3 Hits ===
‘Warriors’ are professional, often noble, ﬁghting troops. Unlike the lower ranks, they are ﬁghting because they want to. With victory will come wealth, lands, and advancement. They are armoured; motivated ﬁghting men who live in the halls of their Lords. They are possessed with a lust for battle and some of them hope to be Warlords themselves in the fullness of time. The curve of promotion steepens here. Fewer allowances will be made for poor quality kit. All kit and equipment should come from, at least, the ‘acceptable’ columns on kit specs.

'''Note 1:''' A helmet is now a requirement for a combatant in order to take a sidearm test.

'''Note 2:''' Only combatants passed in a sidearm may use a lenticular shield. To achieve promotion to the rank of ‘Warrior’, you will need:

:'''Training (MTO)'''
:A full weapon’s pass with a short arm i.e. (sword, axe or langseax) with a helmet. A Battleﬁeld Safe Test in one other Short Arm.
:'''War-gear (MaA)'''
:A shield manufactured to Good standard A helmet. A mailshirt. A short arm (e.g - axe, langseax, or sword).
:'''Kit and Authenticity (AO)''':
Soft kit as per the Militia, but with some ethnic, character or period speciﬁc items of kit for certain shows. Generic kit can be retained for shows where that is not appropriate. All kit to be made of good quality materials and exhibit good quality workmanship. Some colours can be taken from the higher-class end of the colour chart.

====Authenticity Ofﬁcer’s Note====
Members seeking to advance to Warrior level should ﬁrst ask an Authenticity Deputy for advice and have their kit examined. That Deputy will then, if appropriate, recommend the promotion to the National Authenticity Ofﬁcer who will normally approve the promotion.

====Other requirements====
Candidates for Warrior must have volunteered to be a Marked Man (see p. 14) while at Militia level. Once promoted, Warriors must volunteer to be Marked Men on at least one occasion per season.

===Level 4 – Warlord===
''(to be assessed by National Ofﬁcers only)''

It has already been decided that a fourth level rank will be created, the highest rank that can be earned for the battleﬁeld.

However, since we have no intention of creating any combatants to the rank of Warlord during the ﬁrst season of the new format, decisions regarding the criteria for promotion to Warlord, and any reward achieved for doing so, have been shelved until the end of 2005. It is felt that, after a season under the new combat rules, we will be in a much better position to decide upon this important matter.

==The Battle – A New Game==
The new format unashamedly sees the daily battle display as a complete game for the combatants, and attempts to use the rules and structure to encourage the combatants to make every effort to make the display exciting and informative for the public. The battle happens in four stages, comprising two display clashes and two competitive clashes:

First Clash – Display only.

Second Clash – Competitive Fight All combatants have only one hit in this clash. This is a battle fought as a line, with no outﬂanking. When hit, the combatants simply step back a few yards, appearing, perhaps, to nurse minor injuries. One of the Commanders must signal that they have lost this clash by waving their standard or by giving another agreed signal. If a decision cannot be reached, the two commanders will parley and ﬁght the Second Clash again.

Third Clash – Display only In this clash, The Marked Men (see below) will live or die, according to the outcome of the Second Clash. Also any Single Combats (see below) may occur. The dead stay where they lie. Also, other handpicked persons will feign wounds. This will not affect their hits in the ﬁnal clash.

Fourth Clash – Competitive Fight This is the ﬁnal battle, where the combatants employ their full number of hit points. At least one side will have lost one or two men as a result of losing the Second Clash, and they will suffer from that deﬁcit at the beginning of the Fourth Clash.

===Marked Men===
To help alleviate the age old problem of having several clashes without losing a single man, only to see every combatant suddenly keel over at the end of the show, the ‘Marked Men’ game has been introduced. This is essentially a gamble. Each side will be required to produce a proportionate number of volunteers (usually no more than ten per cent of their ﬁeld strength) of Militia class or above (for their own safety, untested members of the Levy may not volunteer). These volunteers enter a gambit situation. If their side loses in the Second Clash, then the volunteer must ‘die’ during the Third Clash – hopefully in as noticeable and spectacular a fashion as possible. They then remain dead on the ﬁeld for the rest of the display, taking no part in the ﬁnal battle. However, if their side wins during the Second Clash, they get the reward of an extra hit in the ﬁnal battle, hence a Militia man will have three hits while a combatant of Warrior class will be ﬁghting with four hits in the Fourth Clash.

'''Notes'''
* Members of the Levy cannot volunteer to be Marked Men.
* Militia do not have to volunteer, however, to move up to the next rank they do need to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.
* Warriors have to volunteer on at least one occasion per season.

===Single Combat===
Warriors and Warlords have an additional option in the Third Clash. Instead of volunteering as Marked Men, they may arrange a Single Combat with a Warrior or Warlord from the other side.

This can take several forms. All are equally valid and encouraged;
* A pre-arranged and rehearsed, choreographed show-ﬁght, where the outcome of the Third Clash decides the winner.
* A freeform ﬁght where the outcome of the Second Clash decides the winner.
* A fully competitive, one-on-one ﬁght - up to two hits, winner survives into the ﬁnal clash.

In each case the winner takes an extra hit in the Fourth Clash, taking them up to four hits.

Note: Volunteers to be Marked Men and arrangements for Single Combats must be agreed at muster before the battle begins.

==The Code of Conduct==
The battleﬁeld of Regia Anglorum has always been based on an honour system. Combatants have been tacitly expected to behave in a fair and sportsmanlike fashion. However, the actual rules of the ﬁeld have never been ﬁrmly written down, and it is felt that this may have been behind some of the occasions in the past where combatants have found themselves in dispute with one another. Now, with a more formalised structure and rules for the game, it is expected that combatants will demonstrate their greater understanding of the battleﬁeld through their sportsmanlike behaviour.

'''The Code of Conduct can be found on the back page of this document.'''

==In Conclusion==
This concludes the initial guidance to the new Warrior System. Like all such documents, the Warrior System will be a living document, and will probably see changes and additions made to it every few years. The intent behind this document is not to impose a draconian set of rules, but to provide a framework within which we can all reenact our period better, and enjoy doing so more. It must be pointed out that the new system does not require any combatant to advance through the system; that remains entirely a matter for their own choice. The battleﬁeld belongs to every one of us, for our mutual enjoyment. None of us want to ruin our day by having pointless and petty arguments over this or that hit. Do not abuse the new hits system. Be generous and sportsmanlike both in giving and receiving your hits, and help to make our combat displays better for everybody, combatants and public alike.

We commend this new system to you, and look forward to many exciting battles ahead.

==Code of Conduct==
{{Special Mention Box|Title=
This is the Code of Conduct of the Regia Anglorum Battlefield.

|Caption=
It is expected that all combatants will abide by it.

'''Rule 1'''

Fight safely at all times. Protect yourself at all times.

'''Rule 2'''

Fight at all times with honour and sportsmanship – where there is any doubt, be generous and act within the spirit of the Code, if not the letter.

'''Rule 3'''

Never argue in front of the public. Never stop a combat to verbally dispute a hit – if you have to discuss the shot, it was probably not worth taking.

'''Rule 4'''

Never abuse the hits system and take more hits than you are entitled to.

'''Rule 5'''

Never ignore a valid hit.

'''Rule 6'''

If you cannot land a blow safely – don’t take the shot.

'''Rule 7'''

Never hit an opponent too hard. Always take time later to apologise if you do. Never apologise audibly in front of the public during a display combat.

'''Rule 8'''

Never forget – it’s only a game.
}}

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