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How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-07T12:25:50Z

JaneAnders: /* Stitches found in our period */

==Notations==
Many stitches are known by their common names, which are often taken from the first extant find. However, there have been several to create nålebinding notations.

The notation developed by Hansen is probably the easiest notation to understand. Hansen uses U for under, and O for over when the work is viewed flat, plus additional notation for joining stitches to a previous round.

F= Join from the front, e.g. F2 join to the previous row by going through 2 stitches from the front
B= join from the back

There are also notations by Hald and Nordland, but these are not as comprehensive.

==Stitches found in our period==

* Coppergate/ York (UU/OOO F2)

* Finnish Stitch 2+2 (UUOO/UUOOO F2)
Example: Mitten, Eura, Finland. 1025

* Korgen (UOO/UUOO F1)

* Mammen (UOO/UUOO F2)

* Oslo (UO/UOO F1)
Examples:
* Mitten, Arnheiðarstaðir, Iceland. 900. Plied course wool, two colours
* Mitten, Lund, Sweden. 1000. Wool
* Mitten, Oslo, Norway, 11th C

* Saltdal

==Resources==
* Nalbinding - Nålbindning - Nålebinding https://www.en.neulakintaat.fi/1 A comprehensive resources, covering stitches through history, but concentrating on Finland. Includes linsk to video instruction.
* Mittens, mittens, mittens. Larry Schmitt
* Lessons in Nålbinding: Lots of Socks. Larry Schmitt. Cottage Grove, Wisconsin: Lawrence W. Schmitt, 2000.
* Nalbinding Made Easy, Briansdotter, Sigrid [Decker, Anne Marie]
* Nalbinding. What in the world is that!, Ulrike Claßen-Büttner

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T12:25:19Z

JaneAnders: /* Germany */

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==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to mid 10thC
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours. 10thC

===Norway===
* Oslo. Mitten. Dated to around 11th C. Worked in Oslo stitch, using s-plyed wool.
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 42, 43.

===Sweden===
* Lund. Mitten. 1000AD. Worked in Oslo stitch, in wool.
* Uppsala. Sock, with split above ankle joint. 12th C. Worked in Korgen stick, in s-spun wool. Dark brown with contrasting light brown in colour. Held in Upplandsmuseet.
* Lödöse. Mitten. 12th C. Stich unknown.

==Mainland Europe==

===Germany===
* Speyer. Fragment of silk gloves. Dated mid 11th C. Held at Speyer Cathedral. Associated with the tomb of HRE Henry III/ Heinrich III
Dreyspring 2011, p88-89; Des Kaisers letzte Kleider: Neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer (ISBN3938832614)
* Niederwerth. Pileus (cap), worked in cashmere. 12th C. Associated with St Bernard
Flury-Lemberg 1999
* Trier. Cap worked in wool (z-spun, s-plied). Dated around 1000AD. Worked in a Saltdal stitch variant (uuu/ ooou F4). Held in Treasury of Trier Cathedral. Associated with St Simeon
Regula Schorta, Biretum S. Symeonis: A medieval robed relic and its covers In: Sancta Treveris, Trier 1999

===Switzerland===
* Delémont. Pontifical stockings. 70cm long, with ties. 11th or 12th C. Associated with St Germanus /St Germain (d675), but more likely was used to cover the relic. Worked in s-plied linen, using a Finnish stitch variant.
Brigitta Schmedding: Mittelalterl. Textilien in Kirchen und Klöstern der Schweiz. Katalog der Abegg-Stiftung Bern 3, Bern 1978


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[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T12:23:47Z

JaneAnders: /* Switzerland */

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|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
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}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to mid 10thC
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours. 10thC

===Norway===
* Oslo. Mitten. Dated to around 11th C. Worked in Oslo stitch, using s-plyed wool.
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 42, 43.

===Sweden===
* Lund. Mitten. 1000AD. Worked in Oslo stitch, in wool.
* Uppsala. Sock, with split above ankle joint. 12th C. Worked in Korgen stick, in s-spun wool. Dark brown with contrasting light brown in colour. Held in Upplandsmuseet.
* Lödöse. Mitten. 12th C. Stich unknown.

==Mainland Europe==

===Germany===
* Speyer. Fragment of silk. gloves. Dated 1000-1156AD. Held at Speyer Cathedral. Associated with the tomb of HRE Henry III/ Heinrich III
Dreyspring 2011, p88-89; Des Kaisers letzte Kleider: Neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer (ISBN3938832614)
* Niederwerth. Cap, worked in cashmere. 12th C. Associated with St Bernard
Flury-Lemberg 1999
* Trier. Cap worked in wool (z-spun, s-plied). Dated 1000-1035 AD. Worked in a Saltdal stitch variant (uuu/ ooou F4). Held in Treasury of Trier Cathedral. Associated with St Simeon
Regula Schorta, Biretum S. Symeonis: A medieval robed relic and its covers In: Sancta Treveris, Trier 1999

===Switzerland===
* Delémont. Pontifical stockings. 70cm long, with ties. 11th or 12th C. Associated with St Germanus /St Germain (d675), but more likely was used to cover the relic. Worked in s-plied linen, using a Finnish stitch variant.
Brigitta Schmedding: Mittelalterl. Textilien in Kirchen und Klöstern der Schweiz. Katalog der Abegg-Stiftung Bern 3, Bern 1978


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
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[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T12:23:06Z

JaneAnders: /* Iceland */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to mid 10thC
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours. 10thC

===Norway===
* Oslo. Mitten. Dated to around 11th C. Worked in Oslo stitch, using s-plyed wool.
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 42, 43.

===Sweden===
* Lund. Mitten. 1000AD. Worked in Oslo stitch, in wool.
* Uppsala. Sock, with split above ankle joint. 12th C. Worked in Korgen stick, in s-spun wool. Dark brown with contrasting light brown in colour. Held in Upplandsmuseet.
* Lödöse. Mitten. 12th C. Stich unknown.

==Mainland Europe==

===Germany===
* Speyer. Fragment of silk. gloves. Dated 1000-1156AD. Held at Speyer Cathedral. Associated with the tomb of HRE Henry III/ Heinrich III
Dreyspring 2011, p88-89; Des Kaisers letzte Kleider: Neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer (ISBN3938832614)
* Niederwerth. Cap, worked in cashmere. 12th C. Associated with St Bernard
Flury-Lemberg 1999
* Trier. Cap worked in wool (z-spun, s-plied). Dated 1000-1035 AD. Worked in a Saltdal stitch variant (uuu/ ooou F4). Held in Treasury of Trier Cathedral. Associated with St Simeon
Regula Schorta, Biretum S. Symeonis: A medieval robed relic and its covers In: Sancta Treveris, Trier 1999

===Switzerland===
* Delémont. Stockings. 70cm long, with ties. 12th C. Associated with St Germanus /St Germain (d675), but more likely was used to cover the relic. Worked in s-plied linen, using a Finnish stitch variant.
Brigitta Schmedding: Mittelalterl. Textilien in Kirchen und Klöstern der Schweiz. Katalog der Abegg-Stiftung Bern 3, Bern 1978


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[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T12:21:52Z

JaneAnders: /* British Isles */

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==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to mid 10thC
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours.

===Norway===
* Oslo. Mitten. Dated to around 11th C. Worked in Oslo stitch, using s-plyed wool.
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 42, 43.

===Sweden===
* Lund. Mitten. 1000AD. Worked in Oslo stitch, in wool.
* Uppsala. Sock, with split above ankle joint. 12th C. Worked in Korgen stick, in s-spun wool. Dark brown with contrasting light brown in colour. Held in Upplandsmuseet.
* Lödöse. Mitten. 12th C. Stich unknown.

==Mainland Europe==

===Germany===
* Speyer. Fragment of silk. gloves. Dated 1000-1156AD. Held at Speyer Cathedral. Associated with the tomb of HRE Henry III/ Heinrich III
Dreyspring 2011, p88-89; Des Kaisers letzte Kleider: Neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer (ISBN3938832614)
* Niederwerth. Cap, worked in cashmere. 12th C. Associated with St Bernard
Flury-Lemberg 1999
* Trier. Cap worked in wool (z-spun, s-plied). Dated 1000-1035 AD. Worked in a Saltdal stitch variant (uuu/ ooou F4). Held in Treasury of Trier Cathedral. Associated with St Simeon
Regula Schorta, Biretum S. Symeonis: A medieval robed relic and its covers In: Sancta Treveris, Trier 1999

===Switzerland===
* Delémont. Stockings. 70cm long, with ties. 12th C. Associated with St Germanus /St Germain (d675), but more likely was used to cover the relic. Worked in s-plied linen, using a Finnish stitch variant.
Brigitta Schmedding: Mittelalterl. Textilien in Kirchen und Klöstern der Schweiz. Katalog der Abegg-Stiftung Bern 3, Bern 1978


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[[Category:Textile Working]]

How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-07T08:28:08Z

JaneAnders: /* Stitches found in our period */

==Notations==
Many stitches are known by their common names, which are often taken from the first extant find. However, there have been several to create nålebinding notations.

The notation developed by Hansen is probably the easiest notation to understand. Hansen uses U for under, and O for over when the work is viewed flat, plus additional notation for joining stitches to a previous round.

F= Join from the front, e.g. F2 join to the previous row by going through 2 stitches from the front
B= join from the back

There are also notations by Hald and Nordland, but these are not as comprehensive.

==Stitches found in our period==

* Åsle

* Coppergate/ York (UU/OOO F2)

* Finnish Stitch 2+2 (UUOO/UUOOO F2)
Example: Mitten, Eura, Finland. 1025

* Korgen (UOO/UUOO F1)

* Mammen (UOO/UUOO F2)

* Oslo (UO/UOO F1)
Examples:
* Mitten, Arnheiðarstaðir, Iceland. 900. Plied course wool, two colours
* Mitten, Lund, Sweden. 1000. Wool
* Mitten, Oslo, Norway, 11th C

* Saltdal

==Resources==
* Nalbinding - Nålbindning - Nålebinding https://www.en.neulakintaat.fi/1 A comprehensive resources, covering stitches through history, but concentrating on Finland. Includes linsk to video instruction.
* Mittens, mittens, mittens. Larry Schmitt
* Lessons in Nålbinding: Lots of Socks. Larry Schmitt. Cottage Grove, Wisconsin: Lawrence W. Schmitt, 2000.
* Nalbinding Made Easy, Briansdotter, Sigrid [Decker, Anne Marie]
* Nalbinding. What in the world is that!, Ulrike Claßen-Büttner

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T08:24:50Z

JaneAnders: /* Mainland Europe */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours.

===Norway===
* Oslo. Mitten. Dated to around 11th C. Worked in Oslo stitch, using s-plyed wool.
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 42, 43.

===Sweden===
* Lund. Mitten. 1000AD. Worked in Oslo stitch, in wool.
* Uppsala. Sock, with split above ankle joint. 12th C. Worked in Korgen stick, in s-spun wool. Dark brown with contrasting light brown in colour. Held in Upplandsmuseet.
* Lödöse. Mitten. 12th C. Stich unknown.

==Mainland Europe==

===Germany===
* Speyer. Fragment of silk. gloves. Dated 1000-1156AD. Held at Speyer Cathedral. Associated with the tomb of HRE Henry III/ Heinrich III
Dreyspring 2011, p88-89; Des Kaisers letzte Kleider: Neue Forschungen zu den organischen Funden aus den Herrschergräbern im Dom zu Speyer (ISBN3938832614)
* Niederwerth. Cap, worked in cashmere. 12th C. Associated with St Bernard
Flury-Lemberg 1999
* Trier. Cap worked in wool (z-spun, s-plied). Dated 1000-1035 AD. Worked in a Saltdal stitch variant (uuu/ ooou F4). Held in Treasury of Trier Cathedral. Associated with St Simeon
Regula Schorta, Biretum S. Symeonis: A medieval robed relic and its covers In: Sancta Treveris, Trier 1999

===Switzerland===
* Delémont. Stockings. 70cm long, with ties. 12th C. Associated with St Germanus /St Germain (d675), but more likely was used to cover the relic. Worked in s-plied linen, using a Finnish stitch variant.
Brigitta Schmedding: Mittelalterl. Textilien in Kirchen und Klöstern der Schweiz. Katalog der Abegg-Stiftung Bern 3, Bern 1978


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[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T08:14:30Z

JaneAnders: /* Sweden */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours.

===Norway===
* Oslo. Mitten. Dated to around 11th C. Worked in Oslo stitch, using s-plyed wool.
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 42, 43.

===Sweden===
* Lund. Mitten. 1000AD. Worked in Oslo stitch, in wool.
* Uppsala. Sock, with split above ankle joint. 12th C. Worked in Korgen stick, in s-spun wool. Dark brown with contrasting light brown in colour. Held in Upplandsmuseet.
* Lödöse. Mitten. 12th C. Stich unknown.

==Mainland Europe==


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[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T08:11:02Z

JaneAnders: /* Norway */

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==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours.

===Norway===
* Oslo. Mitten. Dated to around 11th C. Worked in Oslo stitch, using s-plyed wool.
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 42, 43.

===Sweden===

==Mainland Europe==


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[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-07T08:09:54Z

JaneAnders: /* Finland */

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|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
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==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

* Eura, Luistari. Striped Mitten. Dated to 1025-1050 AD. Worked using Finnish Stitch 2+2 in white, red and blue wool. The white and red wool has an S-twist and the blue is worked with 2 parallel s-threads.
Satu Hovi: Viking and Medieval Nålbinding Mittens Reconstruction(http://www.katajahovi.org/SatuHovi/neulakinnasRekonstr.html) Last visited: 2007-10-28
* Köyliö. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD. Worked with white wool, s-twisted.
* Masku. Striped Fragment. Dated to around 1050 AD

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours.

===Norway===

===Sweden===

==Mainland Europe==


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[[Category:Textile Working]]

How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:31:43Z

JaneAnders:

==Notations==
Many stitches are known by their common names, which are often taken from the first extant find. However, there have been several to create nålebinding notations.

The notation developed by Hansen is probably the easiest notation to understand. Hansen uses U for under, and O for over when the work is viewed flat, plus additional notation for joining stitches to a previous round.

F= Join from the front, e.g. F2 join to the previous row by going through 2 stitches from the front
B= join from the back

There are also notations by Hald and Nordland, but these are not as comprehensive.

==Stitches found in our period==

* Åsle
* Coppergate/ York (UU/OOO F2)
* Finnish Stitch 2+2 (UUOO/UUOOO F2)
Example: Mitten, Eura, Finland. 1025
* Korgen (UOO/UUOO F1)
* Mammen (UOO/UUOO F2)
* Oslo (UO/UOO F1)
Examples:
* Mitten, Arnheiðarstaðir, Iceland. 900. Plied course wool, two colours
* Mitten, Lund, Sweden. 1000. Wool
* Mitten, Oslo, Norway, 11th C

* Saltdal

==Resources==
* Nalbinding - Nålbindning - Nålebinding https://www.en.neulakintaat.fi/1 A comprehensive resources, covering stitches through history, but concentrating on Finland. Includes linsk to video instruction.
* Mittens, mittens, mittens. Larry Schmitt
* Lessons in Nålbinding: Lots of Socks. Larry Schmitt. Cottage Grove, Wisconsin: Lawrence W. Schmitt, 2000.
* Nalbinding Made Easy, Briansdotter, Sigrid [Decker, Anne Marie]
* Nalbinding. What in the world is that!, Ulrike Claßen-Büttner

How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:26:56Z

JaneAnders: /* Stitches found in our period */

How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:25:18Z

JaneAnders: /* Notations */

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:22:11Z

JaneAnders: /* Variations */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

For information on stitches, see the How to tab.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours.

===Norway===

===Sweden===

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
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[[Category:Textile Working]]

How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:20:20Z

JaneAnders: /* Stitches found in our period */

How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:19:33Z

JaneAnders:

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:08:40Z

JaneAnders: /* Iceland */

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|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

===Iceland===
* Arnheiðarstaðir. Mitten. Worked in Oslo Stitch (UO/UOO F1). Worked with plied course wool in two dark colours.

===Norway===

===Sweden===

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}

[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:06:49Z

JaneAnders: /* Sweden */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

===Iceland===

===Norway===

===Sweden===

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}

[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:06:38Z

JaneAnders: /* Norway */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

===Iceland===

===Norway===

==Sweden==

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
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[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:06:22Z

JaneAnders: /* Iceland */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

===Iceland===

==Norway==
==Sweden==

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
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}}

[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:06:11Z

JaneAnders: /* Finland */

{{Top
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}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

===Finland===

==Iceland==
==Norway==
==Sweden==

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}

[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:06:02Z

JaneAnders: /* Denmark */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

===Denmark===
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

==Finland==
==Iceland==
==Norway==
==Sweden==

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}

[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T08:05:42Z

JaneAnders: /* Scandinavia */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

==Denmark==
* Mammen, Bjerringhøj. Two woven textile fragments with nalbound insertion. Worked with wool and gold and silver wrapped silk yarn. Worked in Korgen or Mammen stitch, UO o/UUOO F2 or F1 (Hansen). About 970AD. Held in National Museum of Denmark.
Hansen, Egon H. "Nålebinding og brikvævning fra Mammengraven," Mammen: Grav, art og samfund i vikingetid, Viborg 1991, p. 148
Nordland, Odd; Primitive Scandinavian Textiles in Knotless Netting, Oslo 1961, p. 59, 60
Iversen, Mette et al.. 1991. Mammen: Grav, kunst og samfund i vikingetid. Jysk Arkaeologisk Selskab, Hojbjerg.ald, Margrethe. Ancient Danish Textiles from Bogs and Burials: p. 293, 299, 300, 301

* Grønnegade in Ribe. Mitten. Worked in 2 ply yarn. Dated to late 12th C. Held in Museet Ribes Vikinger.

==Finland==
==Iceland==
==Norway==
==Sweden==

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}

[[Category:Textile Working]]

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T07:59:21Z

JaneAnders: /* British Isles */

{{Top
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
}}

==Nålebinding==
The history, origins, construction and use of 'needle-binding' with specific reference to the 'Coppergate sock'.

'''Nålebinding''' is a textile technique where the material is produced in a darning technique, with a coarse needle and length of plied yarn, and where the thread of the new stitch is passed arbitrarily through at least two unfinished thread loops of arbitrary size.

==Variations==

Several different forms of nålebinding are known, from very simple to highly complicated and they are described by the course of the needle and thread through the loops already. Up to 1024 variations of one form of nålebinding are possible. The arbitrary way in which nålebinding is produced means that the technique can be employed for thick materials using small loops as well as for more loose materials. Most of the preserved fragments seem to have had a finger used as a gauge for the size of the loops.

==Origins and history==

[[File:Naalb01.gif|thumb|left|A basic method of nålebinding]]
The technique of working a fabric of interlocking loops with a needle and thread may be traced back as far as the neolithic period. From C4-C6 Egypt there are several examples of sandal socks worked in a form of nålebinding which resembles true knitting, and for this reason the technique is sometimes called 'single-needle knitting', to distinguish it from knitting on two needles.

From the Viking period there are two examples of nålebinding mittens from Iceland and some fragments from graves in Finland. There is also a panel of gold mesh worked in the technique in a C10 silk from Mammen, Denmark, and from further afield, a nålebinding cap from C9-C10 Antinoe, Egypt. From Novgorod, there are nine fragments of nålebinding but only one of these is C10, the rest being medieval. Most examples of the technique from the medieval period come from excavations in Scandinavia, Finland, Poland, Russia and from wealthy royal and ecclesiastical tombs scattered through Europe. A nålebinding sock was also found from late medieval Uppsala, Sweden. The technique is best know from mittens, and appears to have been climate-dependent as, apart from Northern Europe, it is also widely know in the mountain areas of Central Asia, where it is still as common as knitting is here.

==The 'Coppergate sock'==

During excavation of the Coppergate area of York, a find came to light from the backyard of one of the C10 wattle buildings, which clearly indicated a Viking influence in the textiles. This was the wool sock, worked in nålebinding, a technique never before recorded in England. The sock is slipper-like in style, that is it would originally have covered the whole foot, probably stopping short of the ankle. It was constructed using an unsophisticated and interesting variant on method of nålebinding, using the stitch UU/OOO F2 in the Hansen notation. The sock is worked with S-spun, and Z-plied wool. There is evidence of some of the yarn used being dyed with madder.

===Construction of the 'Coppergate sock'===

The work starts at the toe, where a single loop of wool yarn is made and then a circular row of loops is worked into it. For the next row, the looping is continued, passing the needle through the centre of the first row; after two loops have been completed, the needle starts to be brought back through the next to last loop of the current row. The work is continued in this manner, passing the needle through the row below and back through the last loop. The effect of this technique is to produce a heavy, almost double-thickness fabric, of great elasticity.

[[File:Naalb02.gif|thumb|center|Diagrammatic construction of the Coppergate sock]]
New lengths of yarn must have been joined in at intervals but, as there are no loose ends visible, they must either have been joined by splicing or stitched into the fabric. As the work was continued round after round, shaping was added by working extra loops into the row below, or by missing a lower loop out. At the heel, the line of work has been turned back on itself several times to form the heel shaping. At the ankle it circles round a few more times until the last row, which is worked in a smooth dark yarn, dyed with madder (dye tests on the rest of the sock were negative). Because this technique does not unravel, no special finishing border is needed, and it is therefore uncertain whether this last row was a decorative edge or whether the sock continued in to a stocking with a red coloured leg.

'''Reference:''' Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

==Evidence of nålebinding socks in our period==

Whether socks, in our meaning of the word, were known at all to the Anglo-Saxons is open to question. Evidence from graves is sparse since the area around the foot is rarely well preserved. It is possible that a female child in a C7 burial at Totternhoe, Bedfordshire, may have been wearing stockings or slippers made of textile, but the evidence is based only on an imprint in mud. The words meo, socc and caerles are to be found in Anglo-Saxon texts, indicating foot covering of some sort, but whether these represent socks, stockings or shoes is uncertain. In Anglo-Saxon manuscript illustrations both sexes either wear ankle-height shoes which would hide socks of the Coppergate style or else they go barefoot. Men are usually depicted wearing what may be loose wrinkled hose, presumably of cloth or puttee-type leg-bindings - the illustrations are not clear. However, Scandinavian King Cnut (in BL Stowe MS 944 of A.D. 1020-30) appears to be wearing closer fitting hose or knee length socks, with a decorative band just below the knee.

''Original article by Elaine Hutchinson 1992 Corrected in line with new datings Hazel Uzzell 2004. Reviewed by Jane Anders, 2020.''

==Evidence of nålebinding in our period==

==British Isles==
* Coppergate Sock, York, England (see above). Worked in S-spun, Z-plied wool, using UU/OOO F2. Evidence of madder dye. Dated to 970s AD.
Walton, Penelope. 1990. "Textile production at Coppergate, York: Anglo-Saxon or Viking?" in Textiles in Northern Archaeology (NESAT Symposium 3) ed. Penelope Walton and John-Peter Wild. London

* Fragment, Fishamble St, Dublin, Ireland. Worked in 2-ply Z-spun, S-plied wool. Evidence of orchil lichen dye. Dated to around 795 AD.
Aspects of the Wool Textiles from Viking Age Dublin, Frances Pritchard, Musuem of London (NESAT 4 - 1992)

==Scandinavia==

==Mainland Europe==


{{Bottom
|TopCategory= Crafts 
|SubCategory= Textile Working 
|PageStyle = Item 
|FacebookGroup= Regia Members Info 
|FacebookPath = groups/120034758089222/ 
|SocialMedia = No 
}}

[[Category:Textile Working]]

How To:Nålebinding

2020-04-06T07:55:11Z

JaneAnders: Created page with "==Notations== There are several nålebinding notations. ===Hansen=== U=Under O=Over ===Hald=== ===Nordland==="

==Notations==
There are several nålebinding notations.
===Hansen===

U=Under
O=Over

===Hald===

===Nordland===

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T07:55:03Z

JaneAnders:

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T07:54:31Z

JaneAnders: Added Notation summary

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T07:52:29Z

JaneAnders: /* British Isles */

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T07:50:37Z

JaneAnders: /* Construction of the 'Coppergate sock' */

Nålebinding

2020-04-06T07:50:10Z

JaneAnders: Addition of references and soem additional details on finds